Maize has multiple uses, including for human foods, animal feeds, and the manufacture of pharmaceutical and industrial products. Maize production, economic analysis, peasant farmers. The worldwide production of maize was more than 960 mnmt in 2014. It comes after wheat and rice in terms of world importance. Maize production in the north west province mmidi tswana maize is the main staple food of the majority of south africans and is produced widely on a small scale as well as commercially. Introduction maize zea mays l 2n 20 is an important cereal crop of the world, belonging to the tribe maydeae of the grass family poaceae. Inner mongolia is the only major province in this comparison in which corn is dominantly irrigated. Historically, however, white or waxy maize was the dominant type of maize grown. Introduction recent downward trends in crop prices have prompted some cash crop producers, who practice maize zea mays l. Mexico is the center of diversity for maize and farmers grow the crop in a variety of production environments in terms of altitude, temperature, moisture regimes, land, soil types and production technologies. Maize zea mays, which is the third most important cereal crop of the world, is an important dual purpose crop used in human diet and animal feed.
Introduction maize being the highest yielding cereal crop in the world is a significant importance for countries like pakistan, where rapidly increasing population has already out stripped the available food supplies. It is high yielding, easy to process, readily digested and cheaper than. Based on previous editions produced by cimmyt maize. Crop improvement or plant breeding is an applied branch of botany that deals with the improvement of crops and production of new crop varieties which are far superior to existing types in all characters. Maize zea mays occupies the key place in the existing cropping system of pakistan, for it is a short duration crop and provides a. The crop was introduced to europe in the sixteenth century, from where it spread to africa and asia. The introduction of the maize crop and early days of poverty. Pdf advantages of maizelegume intercropping systems. The crop is cultivated on an average of two million hectares, which is about 45% of. Distribution of maize area and yield in the unites states in 2008.
The national maize consumption is estimated to be three million tons per year. The main maize cash crop currently grown in cambodia is red maize also known as yellow maize, which is grown for the stockfeed market, whereas white maize is grown locally for human consumption see tables 10 and 11 for production statistics. Maize was introduced into africa in the 1500s and has since become one of africas dominant food crops. Demand of maize characteristics in the hills 26 maps. It is now one of the most widelygrown crops around the world. The introduction of the maize crop and early days of. Pests of root, stem, ear and tassel 51 section 3 diseases of maize and their management 3.
Zea is an ancient greek word which means sustaining life and mays is a word from taino language meaning life giver. Crop rotation of a cereal with legumes such as soybean can be a highly effective means of reducing the amount of striga seeds in the soil. Today, the united states, china, the european union, brazil and mexico are the worlds largest producers of maize 3. Maize is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the americas, with 361 million metric. Maize field guide maize crop development, pests and diseases. Maize ranks third most grown crop in the world with an. It is probable that the portuguese did not readily accept maize as a staple. In the northeast region 1 there is just one crop per year and corn together with soybeans is the dominating crop.
Introduction the main concept of intercropping is to get increased total productivity per unit area and time, besides equitable and judicious utilization of land resource and farming inputs including labour, with the insurance against crop failure. Crop science agriculture the production of food, feed, fiber, fuel and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals science, art and business of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock the work of raising crops or livestock from latin ager, a field. Nafziger encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1. Characteristics effects of weed on growth performance and. Maize being the highest yielding cereal crop in the world, is of significant importance for countries like pakistan, where rapidly increasing population has already out stripped the available food supplies. Factors influencing maize crop production at household. The increase in lai, and, consequently, the increase in rate of dry matter accumulation, is proportional to rate of dry matter accumulation per unit leaf area nar.
Art, science and business crop production is the art and science of the genetic improvement of crops to produce new varieties with increased productivity and quality. It is a traditional crop cultivated as food, feed and fodder on slopping bari land. Any abnormal condition that damages a plant and reduces its productivity or usefulness to man. Introduction to crop modeling connecting crop modeling with. The significance of maize to the modern society is first and. Rukwa region is one of tanzanias most reliant maize producers. The marginal nature of maize as a uk crop makes site selection one of the most important factors to take into consideration when deciding whether and where to grow the crop. The crop can be grown in various soils and weather conditions. For example, onion and garlic can be intercropped with cotton crop, or soybean with maize. This type of forage contributes up to 24% of the total cattle feed thus making maize production for grain and fodder equally important. Biomass, grain yield, maize, population density introduction maize zea mays l. Introduction maize zea mays l is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agroclimatic conditions.
In southeast asia the importance of maize as a food crop is overruled by rice. Maize was introduced from the new world to the old world in the 1400s, and it was planted between the harvesting of spring and winter crops, filling an important niche as a summer crop. Botanically, the wheat kernel is a type of fruit called a caryopsis. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth. Factors influencing maize crop production at household levels. Maize zea mays l is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agroclimatic conditions. Maize ranks third most grown crop in the world with an area of more than 118 million hectares with an annual. The cultivation of maize for human consumption started to spread through the cantabrian region around the end of the sixteenth century. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vol.
History of kenyan maize production, marketing and policies. Growth analysis and crop dry matter accumulation learning objectives 1. Gerarde summarizes what was probably the consensus of european attitudes in 1597 with these words quoted in 70, p. In this chapter the focus is on grain maize and its use as a staple food in many tropical areas, latin america, africa and asia in. Introduction maize zea mays l is the most important and most widely distributed cereal in the world after wheat and rice. The most successful types, which eventually moved into east africa, were hickory. The introduction and spread of maize in africa jstor. Most of the maize planted worldwide is yellow dent table 1, which is the preferred by the feed, bioethanol, breakfast cereal, snack, and. Cultivation on marginal crop lands is, however, not recommended. The new crop needed more water and when the drought struck thousands of people starved. The wider adaptability and high yield potential of maize and its utility as food.
To learn what are the most relevant methodologies to measure the daily performance of crop canopy. Successful maize production depends on the correct application of production inputs that will sustain the environment as well as agricultural production. Maize is one of the worlds important food crop, which supplies 5% dietary energy. Maize has been introduced in africa, and later in other tropical countries, mainly by.
Broadly speaking, the introduction of maize to africa resulted in the following. Jica project t s second main food crops after p fertilizer proper quality 1 rampur composite variety of maize cultivation in hilly area a traditional cereal crop in s. Introduction this popular booklet, already in its fourth edition, is designed as a quick guide for identifying maize diseases. Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. Introduction background maize cultivation is a way of life for most farmers in the hills1 of nepal. Maize an introduction maize zea mays, referred to as corn in. About 60% maize is grown in irrigated and 36% in rain fed areas of pakistan.
By 2050, world annual demand for maize, rice and wheat is expected to. Maize is a major staple food crop grown in diverse agroecological zones and farming systems, and consumed by people with varying food preferences and socioeconomic backgrounds in subsaharan africa ssa. Maize is the third most important cereal crop of pakistan after wheat and rice. Globally, maize is known as queen of cereals because it has the highest genetic yield potential among the cereals. The introduction and spread of maize in africa the. Maize beings highly cross pollinated crop requires special efforts to maintain its genetic purity. Maize is known as low in comparison to other developed countries. The central role of maize as a staple food in ssa is comparable to. The field experiments were carried out for 3 years from 200811 at icar research farm, patna, bihar to study the production potential and plant water status of maize zea mays l. Maize crop in particular is the most important staple food in this area.
Introduction this manual aims to provide clear, actionable information on the most important pests and diseases that affect the major food crops grown by smallholder farmers in africa. Maize became an important crop in africa only after 1900 when different types l7ere introduced by the dutch in south africa saunders, 1930. Agricultural biotechnology program agronomy 3 crop. Introduction to crop modeling connecting crop modeling. Maize is a cereal crop which is cultivated widely throughout the world and has the highest production among all the cereals. It possesses over 32,000 genes on ten chromosomes with a genome size of 2. While in western countries maize production is highly mechanized, in many other. Maize is not only a major cereal crop in the present day world but it.
Hybrid maize is the greatest practical achievement of plant genetics to date. In most developing countries maize is grown as a food crop grain maize. Abubakar 1999, ranked maize as the third most important cereal after wheat and rice globally. Crop improvement the process of bringing wild species under human management is called as domestication.
Maize biology an introduction icarindian institute of maize. Determination of crop water requirements for maize in. Introduction of maize to the interior of southern africa somewhere around 1700s is said to have caused conflict over cattle, grain and water, which eventually led to war. The adoption of the new crop was encouraged by the advent of the little ice age, and the resulting crisis of subsistence, which forced cantabrian peasants and farmers to search for alternatives to wheat.
In 2016, world production of wheat was 749 million tonnes, making it the second mostproduced cereal after maize. The maize plant possesses a simple stem of nodes and internodes. World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined. As indicated in table 2, a maize variety with a growing period of 140 days to maturity would require 423 mm depth of water, while 101 mm would be required as supplementary irrigation in the study area, and 101 mm depth of water is required as supplementary irrigation for maize crop grown in the area during dry spells and. Introduction maize zea mays l is a cereal crop that is grown widely throughout the world in a wide range of agroecological environments. Management of hybrid maize seed production fields 19 1. Maize is the third most important cereal crop species in the world after wheat and. Maize contributes 60% of dietary calories and more than 50% of utilizable protein to tanzanians. A pair of large leaves extend off of each internode and the leaves total 821 per plant. It is an important food staple in many countries and is also used in animal feed and many industrial applications. It has great worldwide significance as human food, animal feed and as a source of hundreds of industrial products.
The use of maize forage for animal feeding is becoming very important on small scale mixed farms in kenya. Maize is a crop with a remarkable genetic variability, and it is classed according to the form of the caryopses into dent and flint or corneous and subclassed according to color into white or yellow. This report presents the analysis of maize production costs and returns for zambia, with a special focus on improved types of maize relevant to the crm program, based on the 201011, 201112, 2012, and 2014 zambia crop forecast survey cfs data sets. Maize stover use and sustainable crop production in mixed. Present activities currently, the project is embarking on the introduction of farming of maize crop within the member communities. The significance of maize to the modern society is first and foremost clearly reflected in the importance of the crop in the diet of man and animals throughout the world onwueme and sinha, 1991. Applied statistics university of illinois, 2007 postdoc at the energy sciences institute university of illinois, 2008 2009 research maize physiology cover crops on maize yield miscanthus production and modeling model development for biomass crops. In addition to the above, the project has embarked on food crops such as rice, cassava, sweet potato and vegetables. The book includes brief, focused chapters from the foremost maize experts and features a succinct collection of informative images representing the maize germplasm collection. The advanced genetic and molecular techniques have resulted in new varieties of crop. Introduction of improved maize variety and applying its. Wheat is grown on more land area than any other food crop 220. It is a tall, determinate, monoecious, annual plant, produces large. The increase in lai, and, consequently, the increase in rate of dry matter accumulation, is.
Introduction small and mediumscale sector produces about 75% of the nations maize crop largescale sector farms over 25 acres produces the other 25%. Maize is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the americas, with 361 million metric tons grown in the united states alone in 2014. Although maize is often listed as one of many food crops i. Its biology centers on the past, present and future of maize as a model for plant science research and crop improvement. Maize is the most important cereal crop in subsaharan africa ssa and it is the. Maize production has increased the most because of its greater adaptation to different ecological systems and strong demand for bioethanol and animal feed and for the production of. In pakistan maize is third important cereal after wheat and rice.
Furthermore, the maize exists in different forms in respect to size and colour of plant and ear, type and size of the kernel, as is showed in figure 3. Determination of crop water requirements for maize in abshege. Sustainable crop production and covid19 introduction the covid19 pandemic comes at a time when around 820 million people in the world suffer from chronic hunger and more than 2 billion are malnourished. Maize, zea mays, is an annual grass in the family poaceae and is a staple food crop grown all over the world. In hest africa, bvo main types of maize can be identified, the. Maize is the most important cereal crop produced in ghana and it is also the. Against this background, agri benchmark cash crop is keen to explore. The article mainly examines households socioeconomic characteristics affecting maize production in rukwa in the context of the market reforms carried out in tanzania in the mid 1980s. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of weeds on the growth and yield of maize, and to determine the best time and frequency of weeding to get an optimum yield. Since its introduction into africa, maize has been cultivated extensively in east and west africa, and has spread to senegal, upper volta and niger republic. Maize is one of the third most important cereal crops in the world. It takes 12 weeks time after the seed plantation fig.
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